Prostaglandin E2
Formula: C20H32O5 (352.225)
Chinese Name: 地诺前列酮, 前列腺素 E2
BioDeep ID: BioDeep_00000001683
( View LC/MS Profile)
SMILES: CCCCC[C@@H](C=C[C@H]1[C@@H](CC(=O)[C@@H]1CC=CCCCC(=O)O)O)O
Found 63 Sample Hits
m/z | Adducts | Species | Organ | Scanning | Sample | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
352.2486 | [M-H2O+NH4]+PPM:1.1 |
Marker Pen | NA | DESI (None) |
3ul_0.8Mpa_RAW_20241016-PAPER PNMK - MEMI_testResolution: 30μm, 315x42
By writing the four English letters “PNMK” on white paper with a marker pen, and then scanning with a DESI ion source to obtain the scanning result. The signal of the chemical substances on the marker pen used appears on the channel with an m/z value of |
|
317.2154 | [M+H-2H2O]+PPM:13.5 |
Vitis vinifera | Fruit | MALDI (DHB) |
grape_dhb_91_1 - Grape DatabaseResolution: 50μm, 120x114
Grape berries fruit, condition: Ripe |
|
375.2068 | [M+Na]+PPM:19.7 |
Vitis vinifera | Fruit | MALDI (DHB) |
grape_dhb_91_1 - Grape DatabaseResolution: 50μm, 120x114
Grape berries fruit, condition: Ripe |
|
391.3208 | [M+K]+PPM:4.9 |
Rattus norvegicus | Epididymis | MALDI (DHB) |
epik_dhb_head_ito08_43 - MTBLS58Resolution: 17μm, 298x106
|
|
391.3209 | [M+K]+PPM:4.6 |
Rattus norvegicus | Epididymis | MALDI (DHB) |
epik_dhb_head_ito08_44 - MTBLS58Resolution: 17μm, 299x111
|
|
391.3209 | [M+K]+PPM:4.6 |
Rattus norvegicus | Epididymis | MALDI (DHB) |
epik_dhb_head_ito08_46 - MTBLS58Resolution: 17μm, 298x106
|
|
317.2153 | [M+H-2H2O]+PPM:13.2 |
Vitis vinifera | Fruit | MALDI (DHB) |
grape_dhb_164_1 - Grape DatabaseResolution: 17μm, 136x122
Grape berries fruit, condition: Late |
|
317.2153 | [M+H-2H2O]+PPM:13.2 |
Vitis vinifera | Fruit | MALDI (DHB) |
grape_dhb_163_1 - Grape DatabaseResolution: 17μm, 132x115
Grape berries fruit, condition: Late |
|
375.2068 | [M+Na]+PPM:19.7 |
Vitis vinifera | Fruit | MALDI (DHB) |
grape_dhb_163_1 - Grape DatabaseResolution: 17μm, 132x115
Grape berries fruit, condition: Late |
|
391.3209 | [M+K]+PPM:4.6 |
Rattus norvegicus | Epididymis | MALDI (DHB) |
epik_dhb_head_ito08_47 - MTBLS58Resolution: 17μm, 301x111
|
|
391.321 | [M+K]+PPM:4.4 |
Rattus norvegicus | Epididymis | MALDI (DHB) |
epik_dhb_head_ito08_48 - MTBLS58Resolution: 17μm, 294x107
|
|
375.2137 | [M+Na]+PPM:1.3 |
Mus musculus | Lung | MALDI (DHB) |
image1 - MTBLS2075Resolution: 40μm, 187x165
Fig. 2 MALDI-MSI data from the same mouse lung tissue analyzed in Fig. 1. A: Optical image of the post-MSI, H&E-stained tissue section. B–D, F–G: Ion images of (B) m/z 796.6855 ([U13C-DPPC+Na]+), (C) m/z 756.5514 ([PC32:0+Na]+), (D) m/z 765.6079 ([D9-PC32:0+Na]+), (F) m/z 754.5359 ([PC32:1+Na]+), and (G) m/z 763.5923 ([D9-PC32:1+Na]+). E, H: Ratio images of (E) [D9-PC32:0+Na]+:[PC32:0+Na]+ and (H) [D9-PC32:1+Na]+:[PC32:1+Na]+. Part-per-million (ppm) mass errors are indicated in parentheses. All images were visualized using total-ion-current normalization and using hotspot removal (high quantile = 99%). DPPC = PC16:0/16:0. U13C-DPPC, universally 13C-labeled dipalmitoyl PC; PC, phosphatidylcholine; MSI, mass spectrometry imaging; H&E, hematoxylin and eosin.
Fig 1-3, Fig S1-S3, S5 |
|
375.2134 | [M+Na]+PPM:2.1 |
Mus musculus | Lung | MALDI (DHB) |
image3 - MTBLS2075Resolution: 40μm, 146x190
Fig. 4 MALDI-MSI data of mouse lung tissue after administration with D9-choline and U13C-DPPC–containing Poractant alfa surfactant (labels administered 12 h prior to tissue collection). Ion images of (A) m/z 796.6856 ([U13C-DPPC+Na]+), (B) m/z 756.5154 [PC32:0+Na]+), and (C) m/z 765.6079 ([D9-PC32:0+Na]+). D: Overlay image of [U13C-PC32:0+Na]+ (red) and [D9-PC32:0+Na]+ (green). Part-per-million (ppm) mass errors are indicated in parentheses. All images were visualized using total-ion-current normalization and using hotspot removal (high quantile = 99%). DPPC = PC16:0/16:0. MSI, mass spectrometry imaging; PC, phosphatidylcholine; U13C-DPPC, universally 13C-labeled dipalmitoyl PC. |
|
375.2135 | [M+Na]+PPM:1.8 |
Mus musculus | Lung | MALDI (DHB) |
image4 - MTBLS2075Resolution: 40μm, 162x156
Fig 6c
Fig. 6 MALDI-MSI of U13C-PC16:0/16:0 acyl chain remodeling. A: Averaged MALDI mass spectrum from lung tissue collected from mice euthanized 12 h after administration of D9-choline and U13C-DPPC–containing Poractant alfa surfactant. The ion at m/z 828.6321 is assigned as the [M+Na]+ ion of 13C24-PC16:0_20:4 formed by acyl remodeling of U13C-PC16:0/16:0. The “NL” value refers to the intensity of the base peak in the full range MS1 spectrum. B: MS/MS spectrum of precursor ions at m/z 828.5 ± 0.5 with fragment ions originating from [13C24-PC16:0_20:4+Na]+ annotated. Part-per-million (ppm) mass errors are provided in parentheses. C, D: MALDI-MSI data of [U13C-DPPC+Na]+ (blue), [PC36:4+Na]+ (green) and [13C24-PC16:0_20:4+Na]+ (red) in lung tissue collected from mice (C) 12 h and (D) 18 h after label administration. All images were visualized using total-ion-current normalization and hotspot removal (high quantile = 99%). MS/MS, tandem mass spectrometry; MSI, mass spectrometry imaging; PC, phosphatidylcholine; U13C-DPPC, universally 13C-labeled dipalmitoyl PC. |
|
375.2139 | [M+Na]+PPM:0.8 |
Mus musculus | Lung | MALDI (DHB) |
image5 - MTBLS2075Resolution: 40μm, 163x183
Supplementary Figure S8. MALDI-MSI data of mouse lung tissue administered with D9-choline and
U 13C-DPPC–containing Poractant alfa surfactant (labels administered 18 h prior to sacrifice). Ion
images of (a) m/z 796.6856 ([U13C-DPPC+Na]+), (b) m/z 756.5154 [PC32:0+Na]+ and (c) m/z 765.6079
([D9-PC32:0+Na]+). (d) Overlay image of [U13C-DPPC+Na]+ (red) and [D9-PC32:0+Na]+ (green).
Parts per million (ppm) mass errors are indicated in parentheses. All images were visualised using totalion-current normalisation and using hotspot removal (high quantile = 99%). DPPC = PC16:0/16:0. |
|
375.214 | [M+Na]+PPM:0.5 |
Mus musculus | Lung | MALDI (DHB) |
image2 - MTBLS2075Resolution: 40μm, 550x256
Supplementary Figure S6. Ion distribution images for (a) [PC36:4+Na]+ (m/z 804.5514) and (b)
[PC38:6+Na]+ (m/z 828.5515) obtained from mouse lung tissue collected 6 h after administration of D9-
choline and U13C-DPPC–containing CHF5633. Parts-per-million (ppm) mass errors are indicated in
parentheses. (c) Magnification of the boxed region in (a) with selected bronchiolar regions outlined in
white boxes. (d) The corresponding H&E-stained tissue section with the same selected bronchiolar
regions outlined in black boxes. These data demonstrate the co-localisation of the polyunsaturated lipids
PC36:4 and PC38:6 with the bronchiolar regions of the lung. All MSI images were visualised using
total ion current normalisation and hotspot removal (high quantile = 99%). |
|
317.2127 | [M+H-2H2O]+PPM:5 |
Homo sapiens | esophagus | DESI () |
LNTO22_1_3 - MTBLS385Resolution: 75μm, 121x68
|
|
335.2234 | [M+H-H2O]+PPM:5.1 |
Homo sapiens | esophagus | DESI () |
LNTO22_1_3 - MTBLS385Resolution: 75μm, 121x68
|
|
375.2183 | [M+Na]+PPM:11 |
Homo sapiens | esophagus | DESI () |
LNTO22_1_3 - MTBLS385Resolution: 75μm, 121x68
|
|
317.2117 | [M+H-2H2O]+PPM:1.9 |
Homo sapiens | esophagus | DESI () |
LNTO29_16_2 - MTBLS385Resolution: 17μm, 95x101
|
|
353.2311 | [M+H]+PPM:3.2 |
Homo sapiens | esophagus | DESI () |
LNTO29_16_2 - MTBLS385Resolution: 17μm, 95x101
|
|
353.2307 | [M+H]+PPM:4.4 |
Homo sapiens | esophagus | DESI () |
TO42T - MTBLS385Resolution: 17μm, 69x81
|
|
335.2182 | [M+H-H2O]+PPM:10.4 |
Mus musculus | Liver | MALDI (CHCA) |
Salmonella_final_pos_recal - MTBLS2671Resolution: 17μm, 691x430
A more complete and holistic view on host–microbe interactions is needed to understand the physiological and cellular barriers that affect the efficacy of drug treatments and allow the discovery and development of new therapeutics. Here, we developed a multimodal imaging approach combining histopathology with mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) and same section imaging mass cytometry (IMC) to study the effects of Salmonella Typhimurium infection in the liver of a mouse model using the S. Typhimurium strains SL3261 and SL1344. This approach enables correlation of tissue morphology and specific cell phenotypes with molecular images of tissue metabolism. IMC revealed a marked increase in immune cell markers and localization in immune aggregates in infected tissues. A correlative computational method (network analysis) was deployed to find metabolic features associated with infection and revealed metabolic clusters of acetyl carnitines, as well as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine plasmalogen species, which could be associated with pro-inflammatory immune cell types. By developing an IMC marker for the detection of Salmonella LPS, we were further able to identify and characterize those cell types which contained S. Typhimurium.
[dataset] Nicole Strittmatter. Holistic Characterization of a Salmonella Typhimurium Infection Model Using Integrated Molecular Imaging, metabolights_dataset, V1; 2022. https://www.ebi.ac.uk/metabolights/MTBLS2671. |
|
352.2539 | [M-H2O+NH4]+PPM:16.1 |
Mus musculus | Liver | MALDI (CHCA) |
Salmonella_final_pos_recal - MTBLS2671Resolution: 17μm, 691x430
A more complete and holistic view on host–microbe interactions is needed to understand the physiological and cellular barriers that affect the efficacy of drug treatments and allow the discovery and development of new therapeutics. Here, we developed a multimodal imaging approach combining histopathology with mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) and same section imaging mass cytometry (IMC) to study the effects of Salmonella Typhimurium infection in the liver of a mouse model using the S. Typhimurium strains SL3261 and SL1344. This approach enables correlation of tissue morphology and specific cell phenotypes with molecular images of tissue metabolism. IMC revealed a marked increase in immune cell markers and localization in immune aggregates in infected tissues. A correlative computational method (network analysis) was deployed to find metabolic features associated with infection and revealed metabolic clusters of acetyl carnitines, as well as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine plasmalogen species, which could be associated with pro-inflammatory immune cell types. By developing an IMC marker for the detection of Salmonella LPS, we were further able to identify and characterize those cell types which contained S. Typhimurium.
[dataset] Nicole Strittmatter. Holistic Characterization of a Salmonella Typhimurium Infection Model Using Integrated Molecular Imaging, metabolights_dataset, V1; 2022. https://www.ebi.ac.uk/metabolights/MTBLS2671. |
|
370.2578 | [M+NH4]+PPM:2.7 |
Mus musculus | Liver | MALDI (CHCA) |
Salmonella_final_pos_recal - MTBLS2671Resolution: 17μm, 691x430
A more complete and holistic view on host–microbe interactions is needed to understand the physiological and cellular barriers that affect the efficacy of drug treatments and allow the discovery and development of new therapeutics. Here, we developed a multimodal imaging approach combining histopathology with mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) and same section imaging mass cytometry (IMC) to study the effects of Salmonella Typhimurium infection in the liver of a mouse model using the S. Typhimurium strains SL3261 and SL1344. This approach enables correlation of tissue morphology and specific cell phenotypes with molecular images of tissue metabolism. IMC revealed a marked increase in immune cell markers and localization in immune aggregates in infected tissues. A correlative computational method (network analysis) was deployed to find metabolic features associated with infection and revealed metabolic clusters of acetyl carnitines, as well as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine plasmalogen species, which could be associated with pro-inflammatory immune cell types. By developing an IMC marker for the detection of Salmonella LPS, we were further able to identify and characterize those cell types which contained S. Typhimurium.
[dataset] Nicole Strittmatter. Holistic Characterization of a Salmonella Typhimurium Infection Model Using Integrated Molecular Imaging, metabolights_dataset, V1; 2022. https://www.ebi.ac.uk/metabolights/MTBLS2671. |
|
375.2143 | [M+Na]+PPM:0.3 |
Mus musculus | Liver | MALDI (CHCA) |
Salmonella_final_pos_recal - MTBLS2671Resolution: 17μm, 691x430
A more complete and holistic view on host–microbe interactions is needed to understand the physiological and cellular barriers that affect the efficacy of drug treatments and allow the discovery and development of new therapeutics. Here, we developed a multimodal imaging approach combining histopathology with mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) and same section imaging mass cytometry (IMC) to study the effects of Salmonella Typhimurium infection in the liver of a mouse model using the S. Typhimurium strains SL3261 and SL1344. This approach enables correlation of tissue morphology and specific cell phenotypes with molecular images of tissue metabolism. IMC revealed a marked increase in immune cell markers and localization in immune aggregates in infected tissues. A correlative computational method (network analysis) was deployed to find metabolic features associated with infection and revealed metabolic clusters of acetyl carnitines, as well as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine plasmalogen species, which could be associated with pro-inflammatory immune cell types. By developing an IMC marker for the detection of Salmonella LPS, we were further able to identify and characterize those cell types which contained S. Typhimurium.
[dataset] Nicole Strittmatter. Holistic Characterization of a Salmonella Typhimurium Infection Model Using Integrated Molecular Imaging, metabolights_dataset, V1; 2022. https://www.ebi.ac.uk/metabolights/MTBLS2671. |
|
317.2128 | [M+H-2H2O]+PPM:5.3 |
Homo sapiens | esophagus | DESI () |
LNTO22_1_9 - MTBLS385Resolution: 75μm, 89x74
|
|
317.2149 | [M+H-2H2O]+PPM:12 |
Homo sapiens | colorectal adenocarcinoma | DESI () |
80TopL, 50TopR, 70BottomL, 60BottomR-profile - MTBLS415Resolution: 17μm, 137x136
The human colorectal adenocarcinoma sample was excised during a surgical operation performed at the Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust. The sample and procedures were carried out in accordance with ethical approval (14/EE/0024). |
|
353.2313 | [M+H]+PPM:2.7 |
Homo sapiens | colorectal adenocarcinoma | DESI () |
80TopL, 50TopR, 70BottomL, 60BottomR-profile - MTBLS415Resolution: 17μm, 137x136
The human colorectal adenocarcinoma sample was excised during a surgical operation performed at the Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust. The sample and procedures were carried out in accordance with ethical approval (14/EE/0024). |
|
353.232 | [M+H]+PPM:0.7 |
Homo sapiens | colorectal adenocarcinoma | DESI () |
520TopL, 490TopR, 510BottomL, 500BottomR-profile - MTBLS415Resolution: 17μm, 147x131
The human colorectal adenocarcinoma sample was excised during a surgical operation performed at the Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust. The sample and procedures were carried out in accordance with ethical approval (14/EE/0024). |
|
353.2355 | [M+H]+PPM:9.2 |
Homo sapiens | colorectal adenocarcinoma | DESI () |
439TopL, 409TopR, 429BottomL, 419BottomR-profile - MTBLS415Resolution: 17μm, 157x136
The human colorectal adenocarcinoma sample was excised during a surgical operation performed at the Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust. The sample and procedures were carried out in accordance with ethical approval (14/EE/0024). |
|
353.2279 | [M+H]+PPM:12.3 |
Homo sapiens | NA | DESI () |
160TopL,130TopR,150BottomL,140BottomR-profile - MTBLS415Resolution: 17μm, 142x136
|
|
317.2114 | [M+H-2H2O]+PPM:0.9 |
Homo sapiens | esophagus | DESI () |
LNTO29_16_3 - MTBLS385Resolution: 17μm, 108x107
|
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335.2226 | [M+H-H2O]+PPM:2.8 |
Homo sapiens | esophagus | DESI () |
LNTO29_16_3 - MTBLS385Resolution: 17μm, 108x107
|
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353.2309 | [M+H]+PPM:3.8 |
Homo sapiens | esophagus | DESI () |
LNTO29_16_3 - MTBLS385Resolution: 17μm, 108x107
|
|
317.2128 | [M+H-2H2O]+PPM:5.3 |
Homo sapiens | esophagus | DESI () |
LNTO26_7_1 - MTBLS385Resolution: 17μm, 75x74
|
|
317.2131 | [M+H-2H2O]+PPM:6.3 |
Homo sapiens | esophagus | DESI () |
LNTO26_7_2 - MTBLS385Resolution: 17μm, 135x101
|
|
317.2124 | [M+H-2H2O]+PPM:4.1 |
Homo sapiens | esophagus | DESI () |
LNTO26_7_3 - MTBLS385Resolution: 75μm, 82x88
|
|
353.231 | [M+H]+PPM:3.5 |
Homo sapiens | esophagus | DESI () |
TO31T - MTBLS385Resolution: 75μm, 56x54
|
|
317.2126 | [M+H-2H2O]+PPM:4.7 |
Homo sapiens | esophagus | DESI () |
TO29T - MTBLS385Resolution: 75μm, 56x48
|
|
353.2315 | [M+H]+PPM:2.1 |
Homo sapiens | esophagus | DESI () |
TO29T - MTBLS385Resolution: 75μm, 56x48
|
|
317.2125 | [M+H-2H2O]+PPM:4.4 |
Homo sapiens | esophagus | DESI () |
LNTO30_17_2 - MTBLS385Resolution: 75μm, 82x54
|
|
353.2312 | [M+H]+PPM:2.9 |
Homo sapiens | esophagus | DESI () |
LNTO30_17_2 - MTBLS385Resolution: 75μm, 82x54
|
|
317.2129 | [M+H-2H2O]+PPM:5.6 |
Homo sapiens | esophagus | DESI () |
LNTO22_1_5 - MTBLS385Resolution: 75μm, 135x94
|
|
335.2237 | [M+H-H2O]+PPM:6 |
Homo sapiens | esophagus | DESI () |
LNTO22_1_5 - MTBLS385Resolution: 75μm, 135x94
|
|
352.222 | [M]+PPM:6.9 |
Homo sapiens | esophagus | DESI () |
LNTO22_1_5 - MTBLS385Resolution: 75μm, 135x94
|
|
317.2127 | [M+H-2H2O]+PPM:5 |
Homo sapiens | esophagus | DESI () |
LNTO22_1_7 - MTBLS385Resolution: 75μm, 69x54
|
|
317.2126 | [M+H-2H2O]+PPM:4.7 |
Homo sapiens | esophagus | DESI () |
LNTO22_1_8 - MTBLS385Resolution: 75μm, 69x61
|
|
335.2234 | [M+H-H2O]+PPM:5.1 |
Homo sapiens | esophagus | DESI () |
LNTO22_1_8 - MTBLS385Resolution: 75μm, 69x61
|
|
317.2126 | [M+H-2H2O]+PPM:4.7 |
Homo sapiens | esophagus | DESI () |
LNTO22_2_1 - MTBLS385Resolution: 75μm, 89x88
|
|
335.2233 | [M+H-H2O]+PPM:4.9 |
Homo sapiens | esophagus | DESI () |
LNTO22_2_1 - MTBLS385Resolution: 75μm, 89x88
|
|
317.2129 | [M+H-2H2O]+PPM:5.6 |
Homo sapiens | esophagus | DESI () |
LNTO22_2_2 - MTBLS385Resolution: 75μm, 135x94
|
|
317.2127 | [M+H-2H2O]+PPM:5 |
Homo sapiens | esophagus | DESI () |
LNTO26_16_1 - MTBLS385Resolution: 75μm, 95x88
|
|
317.2121 | [M+H-2H2O]+PPM:3.1 |
Homo sapiens | esophagus | DESI () |
LNTO29_18_2 - MTBLS385Resolution: 75μm, 62x68
|
|
335.2262 | [M+H-H2O]+PPM:13.5 |
Homo sapiens | esophagus | DESI () |
LNTO30_7_2 - MTBLS385Resolution: 75μm, 82x68
|
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353.231 | [M+H]+PPM:3.5 |
Homo sapiens | esophagus | DESI () |
LNTO30_7_2 - MTBLS385Resolution: 75μm, 82x68
|
|
317.2119 | [M+H-2H2O]+PPM:2.5 |
Homo sapiens | colorectal adenocarcinoma | DESI () |
240TopL, 210TopR, 230BottomL, 220BottomR-centroid - MTBLS176Resolution: 50μm, 142x141
|
|
353.2306 | [M+H]+PPM:4.6 |
Homo sapiens | colorectal adenocarcinoma | DESI () |
240TopL, 210TopR, 230BottomL, 220BottomR-centroid - MTBLS176Resolution: 50μm, 142x141
|
|
317.2122 | [M+H-2H2O]+PPM:3.4 |
Homo sapiens | colorectal adenocarcinoma | DESI () |
200TopL, 170TopR, 190BottomL, 180BottomR-centroid - MTBLS176Resolution: 50μm, 132x126
|
|
353.2311 | [M+H]+PPM:3.2 |
Homo sapiens | colorectal adenocarcinoma | DESI () |
200TopL, 170TopR, 190BottomL, 180BottomR-centroid - MTBLS176Resolution: 50μm, 132x126
|
|
353.2307 | [M+H]+PPM:4.4 |
Homo sapiens | colorectal adenocarcinoma | DESI () |
160TopL,130TopR,150BottomL,140BottomR-centroid - MTBLS176Resolution: 50μm, 142x136
|
|
317.2121 | [M+H-2H2O]+PPM:3.1 |
Homo sapiens | colorectal adenocarcinoma | DESI () |
120TopL, 90TopR, 110BottomL, 100BottomR-centroid - MTBLS176Resolution: 50μm, 132x136
|
|
353.2311 | [M+H]+PPM:3.2 |
Homo sapiens | colorectal adenocarcinoma | DESI () |
120TopL, 90TopR, 110BottomL, 100BottomR-centroid - MTBLS176Resolution: 50μm, 132x136
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The naturally occurring prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is known in medicine as dinoprostone, and it is the most common and most biologically active of the mammalian prostaglandins. It has important effects during labour and also stimulates osteoblasts to release factors which stimulate bone resorption by osteoclasts (a type of bone cell that removes bone tissue by removing the bones mineralized matrix). PGE2 is also the prostaglandin that ultimately induces fever. PGE2 has been shown to increase vasodilation and cAMP production, enhance the effects of bradykinin and histamine, and induce uterine contractions and platelet aggregation. PGE2 is also responsible for maintaining the open passageway of the fetal ductus arteriosus, decreasing T-cell proliferation and lymphocyte migration, and activating the secretion of IL-1α and IL-2. PGE2 exhibits both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects, particularly on dendritic cells (DC). Depending on the nature of maturation signals, PGE2 has different and sometimes opposite effects on DC biology. PGE2 exerts an inhibitory action, reducing the maturation of DC and their ability to present antigen. PGE2 has also been shown to stimulate DC and promote IL-12 production when given in combination with TNF-alpha. PGE2 is an environmentally bioactive substance. Its action is prolonged and sustained by other factors especially IL-10. It modulates the activities of professional DC by acting on their differentiation, maturation, and their ability to secrete cytokines. PGE2 is a potent inducer of IL-10 in bone marrow-derived DC (BM-DC). PGE2-induced IL-10 is a key regulator of the BM-DC pro-inflammatory phenotype (PMID:16978535). Prostaglandins are eicosanoids. The eicosanoids consist of the prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes (TXs), leukotrienes (LTs), and lipoxins (LXs). The PGs and TXs are collectively identified as prostanoids. Prostaglandins were originally shown to be synthesized in the prostate gland, thromboxanes from platelets (thrombocytes), and leukotrienes from leukocytes, hence the derivation of their names. All mammalian cells except erythrocytes synthesize eicosanoids. These molecules are extremely potent and are able to cause profound physiological effects at very dilute concentrations. All eicosanoids function locally at the site of synthesis through receptor-mediated G-protein linked signalling pathways. Dinoprostone is a naturally occurring prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and the most common and most biologically active of the mammalian prostaglandins. It has important effects in labour and also stimulates osteoblasts to release factors which stimulate bone resorption by osteoclasts (a type of bone cell that removes bone tissue by removing the bones mineralized matrix). PGE2 has been shown to increase vasodilation and cAMP production, to enhance the effects of bradykinin and histamine, induction of uterine contractions and of platelet aggregation. PGE2 is also responsible for maintaining the open passageway of the fetal ductus arteriosus; decreasing T-cell proliferation and lymphocyte migration and activating the secretion of IL-1α and IL-2. PGE2 exhibits both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects, particularly on dendritic cells (DC). Depending on the nature of maturation signals, PGE2 has different and sometimes opposite effects on DC biology. PGE2 exerts an inhibitory action, reducing the maturation of DC and their ability to present antigen. PGE2 has also been shown to stimulate DC and promote IL-12 production when given in combination with TNF-alpha. PGE2 is an environmentally bioactive substance. Its action is prolonged and sustained by other factors especially IL-10. It modulates the activities of professional DC by acting on their differentiation, maturation and their ability to secrete cytokines. PGE2 is a potent inducer of IL-10 in bone marrow-derived DC (BM-DC), and PGE2-induced IL-10 is a key regulator of the BM-DC pro-inflammatory phenotype. (PMID: 16978535) G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G02 - Other gynecologicals > G02A - Uterotonics > G02AD - Prostaglandins Chemical was purchased from CAY14010, (Lot 0410966-34); Diagnostic ions: 351.8, 333.1, 271.1, 188.9 D012102 - Reproductive Control Agents > D010120 - Oxytocics C78568 - Prostaglandin Analogue Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a hormone-like substance that participate in a wide range of body functions such as the contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle, the dilation and constriction of blood vessels, control of blood pressure, and modulation of inflammation.