M/Z: 746.5688

1 male adult wild-type rat was obtained from Inserm U1085 - Irset Research Institute (University of Rennes1, France). Animals were age 60 days and were reared under ad-lib conditions. Care and handling of all animals complied with EU directive 2010/63/EU on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes. The whole epididymis was excised from each animal immediately post-mortem, loosely wrapped rapidly in an aluminum foil and a 2.5% (w/v) carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) solution was poured to embed the epididymis to preserve their morphology. To remove air bubbles, the filled aluminum molds was gently freezed by depositing it on isopentane or dry ice, then on the nitrogen vapors and finally by progressively dipping the CMC/sample coated with aluminum foil into liquid nitrogen (or only flush with liquid nitrogen). Frozen tissues were stored at -80 °C until use to avoid degradation.

Fig. 2 MALDI-MSI data from the same mouse lung tissue analyzed in Fig. 1. A: Optical image of the post-MSI, H&E-stained tissue section. B–D, F–G: Ion images of (B) m/z 796.6855 ([U13C-DPPC+Na]+), (C) m/z 756.5514 ([PC32:0+Na]+), (D) m/z 765.6079 ([D9-PC32:0+Na]+), (F) m/z 754.5359 ([PC32:1+Na]+), and (G) m/z 763.5923 ([D9-PC32:1+Na]+). E, H: Ratio images of (E) [D9-PC32:0+Na]+:[PC32:0+Na]+ and (H) [D9-PC32:1+Na]+:[PC32:1+Na]+. Part-per-million (ppm) mass errors are indicated in parentheses. All images were visualized using total-ion-current normalization and using hotspot removal (high quantile = 99%). DPPC = PC16:0/16:0. U13C-DPPC, universally 13C-labeled dipalmitoyl PC; PC, phosphatidylcholine; MSI, mass spectrometry imaging; H&E, hematoxylin and eosin. Fig 1-3, Fig S1-S3, S5

Fig. 2 MALDI-MSI data from the same mouse lung tissue analyzed in Fig. 1. A: Optical image of the post-MSI, H&E-stained tissue section. B–D, F–G: Ion images of (B) m/z 796.6855 ([U13C-DPPC+Na]+), (C) m/z 756.5514 ([PC32:0+Na]+), (D) m/z 765.6079 ([D9-PC32:0+Na]+), (F) m/z 754.5359 ([PC32:1+Na]+), and (G) m/z 763.5923 ([D9-PC32:1+Na]+). E, H: Ratio images of (E) [D9-PC32:0+Na]+:[PC32:0+Na]+ and (H) [D9-PC32:1+Na]+:[PC32:1+Na]+. Part-per-million (ppm) mass errors are indicated in parentheses. All images were visualized using total-ion-current normalization and using hotspot removal (high quantile = 99%). DPPC = PC16:0/16:0. U13C-DPPC, universally 13C-labeled dipalmitoyl PC; PC, phosphatidylcholine; MSI, mass spectrometry imaging; H&E, hematoxylin and eosin. Fig 1-3, Fig S1-S3, S5

Diseased

Fig. 4 MALDI-MSI data of mouse lung tissue after administration with D9-choline and U13C-DPPC–containing Poractant alfa surfactant (labels administered 12 h prior to tissue collection). Ion images of (A) m/z 796.6856 ([U13C-DPPC+Na]+), (B) m/z 756.5154 [PC32:0+Na]+), and (C) m/z 765.6079 ([D9-PC32:0+Na]+). D: Overlay image of [U13C-PC32:0+Na]+ (red) and [D9-PC32:0+Na]+ (green). Part-per-million (ppm) mass errors are indicated in parentheses. All images were visualized using total-ion-current normalization and using hotspot removal (high quantile = 99%). DPPC = PC16:0/16:0. MSI, mass spectrometry imaging; PC, phosphatidylcholine; U13C-DPPC, universally 13C-labeled dipalmitoyl PC.

Fig 6c Fig. 6 MALDI-MSI of U13C-PC16:0/16:0 acyl chain remodeling. A: Averaged MALDI mass spectrum from lung tissue collected from mice euthanized 12 h after administration of D9-choline and U13C-DPPC–containing Poractant alfa surfactant. The ion at m/z 828.6321 is assigned as the [M+Na]+ ion of 13C24-PC16:0_20:4 formed by acyl remodeling of U13C-PC16:0/16:0. The “NL” value refers to the intensity of the base peak in the full range MS1 spectrum. B: MS/MS spectrum of precursor ions at m/z 828.5 ± 0.5 with fragment ions originating from [13C24-PC16:0_20:4+Na]+ annotated. Part-per-million (ppm) mass errors are provided in parentheses. C, D: MALDI-MSI data of [U13C-DPPC+Na]+ (blue), [PC36:4+Na]+ (green) and [13C24-PC16:0_20:4+Na]+ (red) in lung tissue collected from mice (C) 12 h and (D) 18 h after label administration. All images were visualized using total-ion-current normalization and hotspot removal (high quantile = 99%). MS/MS, tandem mass spectrometry; MSI, mass spectrometry imaging; PC, phosphatidylcholine; U13C-DPPC, universally 13C-labeled dipalmitoyl PC.

Fig 6c Fig. 6 MALDI-MSI of U13C-PC16:0/16:0 acyl chain remodeling. A: Averaged MALDI mass spectrum from lung tissue collected from mice euthanized 12 h after administration of D9-choline and U13C-DPPC–containing Poractant alfa surfactant. The ion at m/z 828.6321 is assigned as the [M+Na]+ ion of 13C24-PC16:0_20:4 formed by acyl remodeling of U13C-PC16:0/16:0. The “NL” value refers to the intensity of the base peak in the full range MS1 spectrum. B: MS/MS spectrum of precursor ions at m/z 828.5 ± 0.5 with fragment ions originating from [13C24-PC16:0_20:4+Na]+ annotated. Part-per-million (ppm) mass errors are provided in parentheses. C, D: MALDI-MSI data of [U13C-DPPC+Na]+ (blue), [PC36:4+Na]+ (green) and [13C24-PC16:0_20:4+Na]+ (red) in lung tissue collected from mice (C) 12 h and (D) 18 h after label administration. All images were visualized using total-ion-current normalization and hotspot removal (high quantile = 99%). MS/MS, tandem mass spectrometry; MSI, mass spectrometry imaging; PC, phosphatidylcholine; U13C-DPPC, universally 13C-labeled dipalmitoyl PC.

Supplementary Figure S8. MALDI-MSI data of mouse lung tissue administered with D9-choline and U 13C-DPPC–containing Poractant alfa surfactant (labels administered 18 h prior to sacrifice). Ion images of (a) m/z 796.6856 ([U13C-DPPC+Na]+), (b) m/z 756.5154 [PC32:0+Na]+ and (c) m/z 765.6079 ([D9-PC32:0+Na]+). (d) Overlay image of [U13C-DPPC+Na]+ (red) and [D9-PC32:0+Na]+ (green). Parts per million (ppm) mass errors are indicated in parentheses. All images were visualised using totalion-current normalisation and using hotspot removal (high quantile = 99%). DPPC = PC16:0/16:0.

Supplementary Figure S8. MALDI-MSI data of mouse lung tissue administered with D9-choline and U 13C-DPPC–containing Poractant alfa surfactant (labels administered 18 h prior to sacrifice). Ion images of (a) m/z 796.6856 ([U13C-DPPC+Na]+), (b) m/z 756.5154 [PC32:0+Na]+ and (c) m/z 765.6079 ([D9-PC32:0+Na]+). (d) Overlay image of [U13C-DPPC+Na]+ (red) and [D9-PC32:0+Na]+ (green). Parts per million (ppm) mass errors are indicated in parentheses. All images were visualised using totalion-current normalisation and using hotspot removal (high quantile = 99%). DPPC = PC16:0/16:0.

Supplementary Figure S6. Ion distribution images for (a) [PC36:4+Na]+ (m/z 804.5514) and (b) [PC38:6+Na]+ (m/z 828.5515) obtained from mouse lung tissue collected 6 h after administration of D9- choline and U13C-DPPC–containing CHF5633. Parts-per-million (ppm) mass errors are indicated in parentheses. (c) Magnification of the boxed region in (a) with selected bronchiolar regions outlined in white boxes. (d) The corresponding H&E-stained tissue section with the same selected bronchiolar regions outlined in black boxes. These data demonstrate the co-localisation of the polyunsaturated lipids PC36:4 and PC38:6 with the bronchiolar regions of the lung. All MSI images were visualised using total ion current normalisation and hotspot removal (high quantile = 99%).

Sample information Organism: Macropus giganteus (kangaroo) Organism part: Brain Condition: Wildtype Sample growth conditions: Wild

All MSI experiments were performed on a hybrid linear ion trap 21 T FT-ICR mass spectrometer at the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory (NHMFL) at Florida State University (Tallahassee, FL). A Velos Pro linear ion trap (Thermo Scientific, San Jose, CA) was combined with NHMFL-designed external linear quadrupole ion trap, quadrupole ion transfer optics and a novel dynamically harmonized ICR cell, which is operated at 7.5 V trapping potential[1]. Briefly, the cell uses 120° cell segments for ion excitation and detection, for improved excitation electric field, detection sensitivity and reduced third harmonic signals[2][3]. The commercial ion source and stacked ring ion guide were replaced with an elevated-pressure MALDI ion source incorporating a dual-ion funnel interface (Spectroglyph LLC, Kennewick, WA) as has been described previously[4]. Voltages within the funnels were 625 kHz, 150 V peak-to-peak (first, high-pressure ion funnel) and 1.2 MHz, 90 V peak-to-peak (second, low-pressure ion funnel). An electric field gradient of ∼10 V/cm was maintained within the dual-funnel system, with a gradient of 100 V/cm between the sample and the funnel inlet. The system was equipped with a Q-switched, frequency-tripled Nd:YLF laser emitting 349 nm light (Explorer One, Spectra Physics, Mountain View, CA). The laser was operated at a repetition rate of 1 kHz and pulse energy of ∼1.2 μJ. Pressure within the ion source was set to 10 mbar in the first ion funnel and 2 mbar in the second ion funnel. MALDI stage motion was synchronized with ion accumulation using the Velos trigger signal indicating commencement of the ion trap injection event, as previously described[4]. The mass spectrometer was operated with an ion injection time of 250 ms and automatic gain control (AGC) was turned off. A transient duration of 3.1 s was used for ultrahigh mass resolving power analyses, resulting in a total time of 4s per pixel. Spectra were obtained in both positive and negative mode, at 100 μm spatial resolution. Total number of pixels per brain section were approximately 22 000 and 24 h of experimental time. A Predator data station was used for ion excitation and detection[5]. Refs: [1] Hendrickson CL, Quinn JP, Kaiser NK, Smith DF, Blakney GT, Chen T, Marshall AG, Weisbrod CR, Beu SC. 21 Tesla Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometer: A National Resource for Ultrahigh Resolution Mass Analysis. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom. 2015 Sep;26(9):1626-32. doi:10.1007/s13361-015-1182-2. Epub 2015 Jun 20. PMID:26091892. [2] Hendrickson CL, Beu SC, Blakney GT, Kaiser NK, McIntosh DG, Quinn JP, Marshall AG. In Optimized cell geometry for Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, Proceedings of the 57th ASMS Conference on Mass Spectrometry and Allied Topics, Philadelphia, PA, May 31 to June 4; Philadelphia, PA, 2009. [3] Chen T, Beu SC, Kaiser NK, Hendrickson CL. Note: Optimized circuit for excitation and detection with one pair of electrodes for improved Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Rev Sci Instrum. 2014 Jun;85(6):066107. doi:10.1063/1.4883179. PMID:24985871. [4] Belov ME, Ellis SR, Dilillo M, Paine MRL, Danielson WF, Anderson GA, de Graaf EL, Eijkel GB, Heeren RMA, McDonnell LA. Design and Performance of a Novel Interface for Combined Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization at Elevated Pressure and Electrospray Ionization with Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem. 2017 Jul 18;89(14):7493-7501. doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01168. Epub 2017 Jun 28. PMID:28613836. [5] Blakney GT, Hendrickson CL, Marshall AG. Predator data station: A fast data acquisition system for advanced FT-ICR MS experiments. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 2011;306 (2-3), 246- 252. doi:10.1016/j.ijms.2011.03.009.

The human colorectal adenocarcinoma sample was excised during a surgical operation performed at the Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust. The sample and procedures were carried out in accordance with ethical approval (14/EE/0024).

The human colorectal adenocarcinoma sample was excised during a surgical operation performed at the Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust. The sample and procedures were carried out in accordance with ethical approval (14/EE/0024).

Sample information Organism: Drosophila melanogaster Organism part: Brain Condition: Healthy Sample preparation Sample stabilisation: Frozen Tissue modification: Frozen MALDI matrix: 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) MALDI matrix application: TM sprayer Solvent: Aceton/water MS analysis Polarity: Positive Ionisation source: Prototype Analyzer: Orbitrap Pixel size: 5μm × 5μm Annotation settings m/z tolerance (ppm): 3 Analysis version: Original MSM Pixel count: 469910 Imzml file size: 696.23 MB Ibd file size: 814.11 MB